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Water-soluble vitamin required for red blood cell formation, myelin synthesis, and DNA production; deficiency, common in older adults and vegans, causes fatigue and neurological symptoms that supplementation corrects.
Memory, mental clarity, and overall brain health. Critical for healthy ageing and peak performance.
Also known as: Methylcobalamin, Cyanocobalamin
Every published result for this pair, extracted and audited.
These charts group published studies by what they reported and how they were run — green marks studies that reported a benefit for this pairing. Tiers run from pooled analyses of many trials (strongest) to one-off observational reports.
Direction of reported outcomes for Vitamin B12 in cognitive function.
Study designs behind these findings.
Every measured outcome, one row per finding - numbers exactly as reported.
| Study | Design | n | Duration | Outcome measured | Reported result | Direction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PMID 12918012 2003 | Meta-analysis | - | - | Cognitive function in people with dementia and low serum B12 | reported qualitatively | No benefit |
| PMID 37334792 2023 | Randomised trial | 115 | six months | attention and calculation | reported qualitatively (p < 0.01) | Benefit |
| PMID 37334792 2023 | Randomised trial | 115 | six months | visual-constructional ability | reported qualitatively (p < 0.05) | Benefit |
Hand-selected PubMed studies, linked to the originals.
Ordered by strength of evidence, then result direction.
01Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementiaWieland LS, et al. · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026PMID 41641880 ↗02Differences in Ferritin, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B12 Between Fibromyalgia Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisIsmail O, et al. · Musculoskeletal care · 2025PMID 39832803 ↗03Effects of acute exercise on cognitive function: A meta-review of 30 systematic reviews with meta-analysesChang YK, et al. · Psychological bulletin · 2025PMID 39883421 ↗04Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is safe and effective in the treatment of mild dementia - a meta-analysis of patient subgroups in randomised controlled trialsRiepe M, et al. · The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry · 2025PMID 39895346 ↗Be the first to share what you noticed with Vitamin B12 for cognitive function. How we calculate this.